Gender as a Structure of Social Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gender as a Structure of Social Practice - Essay Example Hegemony refers to the subordination of one group by another by mere implication that the other is greater. Hegemonic masculinity is exemplified in patriarchal systems where government is controlled by men. Narrowing down to hegemony among groups of men brings up the concept of subordination. The best example of subordinated masculinity is gay masculinity. Homosexual men in society are subordinate to heterosexual men who dominate society (Connell, p. 78). Complicity refers to the quiet acceptance by men of hegemonic structures because they benefit them at the expense of women. Marginalization brings into play class and race as factors that affect the masculinity of an individual. For example, black masculinity in the United States of America is marginalized by white hegemonic masculinity that holds economic power. Black men become associated with poverty, crime, violence, prison and other negative traits (Connell, p.79). Quentin Tarantino’s crime movie Pulp Fiction, considered a classic study of society’s underworld, contains outstanding examples of how society constructs masculinity. All the leading characters are male. The movie has been said to glorify violence among men; all the men in the movie are either career criminals or commit a crime at some point. The men are not above killing other men to achieve their goals, and do not hesitate to physically and emotionally abuse women. To illustrate the workings of Connell’s theory of masculinity, the focus is on the movie’s crime boss, Marcellus Wallace. Marcellus, a black character, is the biggest crime boss in the area. From the onset, he illustrates marginalization masculinity; a black man in oppressed America can only rise to immense wealth and power through crime. It is implied that Marcellus has risen to the top by being ruthless, cold and calculating. He also has a beautiful white trophy wife, played by Uma Thurman. His wealth qualifies him to marry a white woman, representing marginalization masculinity as manifested in the fantasy of the black man as a sexual predator of white women. Black men such as Marcellus actualize the worst fears of the white men in the hegemonic repressive system; taking their women. The ideology here is that a black man has to be extremely wealthy and successful to qualify to marry a white woman as a way of breaking society’s restrictions. Marcellus as boss of the underworld deals in different criminal operations such as drug rings, extortion, prostitution and gambling dens. He represents complicity to hegemonic masculinity as he has adapted the system to his benefit. The businesses he conducts involve prostitution, a form of exploitation of desperate women. He uses these women to enrich himself. He further illustrates hegemonic masculinity by controlling his wife’s every move and treating her like personal property. She has round-the-clock bodyguards under the guise of protection; in reality, he guards her jealou sly and monitors her every move. His paranoid actions seem justified however, when one of his henchmen succeeds in seducing his wife. To men like Marcellus, women are one more thing to be owned and used. Marcellus also treats his henchmen and underlings as disposable, illustrating further compliance to the hegemonic system. He does not hesitate to order assassinations of those who displease him. When a boxer, who was supposed to throw a match, played by Bruce Willis, ends up killing the

Letter to the editor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Letter to the editor - Essay Example These concerns have ever been raised in the in various social media but still the topic remains unexhausted. There are varied views held by different stakeholders in the society. Some parents recommend for increased adoption of recent technologies among the children and have even bought handsets for children to access the social media more easily. Some groups, however, have criticized the indulgence of the children in social media that would have negative impacts in their lives. As a matter of fact, the social media such as the televisions have far reaching impacts on the children yet are allowed to operate freely without restrictions! The televisions air advertisements that do not promote morals of the children. For instance, advertisement showing some children engaged in partying or drinking behaviors teach teenagers nothing good but rather creating awareness of immoral activities that do not inspire them achieve successful lives. Televisions need to involve teenagers in choosing what is morally right for displaying to the viewers. Some television channels are after making money and care less for the morals of children. This is because the immoral adverts pay huge amounts of money and the television media could reap high profits. To combat these practices, the development of media act is necessary in order to regulate these activities by the television media to promote a better future for the teenagers. The activities of the television service providers h ave minimum regulation and this limits interventions of state authorities. The developments in the social media have also enabled the uncontrolled monitoring of the children access to unwanted content. There are very many social network platforms used by teenagers at the back of parents’ knowledge. Consequently, the parents would not know the information shared by the children in order to impose restrictive measures. For instance, the parents are aware of the Facebook social

Anticoagulants as Prophylaxis for DVT and NSAIDs Analgesic

Anticoagulants as Prophylaxis for DVT and NSAIDs Analgesic INTRODUCTION The process of healing in a fractured bone depends on several factors related to the patient, fracture site, and treatment (Muller et al., 2004). In contrast to healing in other soft tissue, bone fracture healing is a very remarkable process, because rather than leading to scar tissue formation, normal bone healing leads to the regeneration of the anatomy of the bone and complete return to function (Sfeir et al., 2005). Administrations of different pharmacological agents have been known to have an effect on the fracture healing process. Such agents include corticosteroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), antibiotics and anticoagulants (lppokratis et al., 2007). Among these drugs, NSAIDS and anticoagulants are commonly used in the management of fracture cases. Not only are they prescribed in daily practise, they are frequently administered concomitantly (Ellen, 2003). NSAIDs are often used because of their analgesic effects. They carry out their pharmacologic effect by inhibition of cyclooxygenase. Diclofenac sodium, a commonly used NSAID derived from phenylacetic acid, is indicated for the management of acute and chronic conditions. Anticoagulants on the other hand are commonly used for the prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Major orthopedic trauma is a compelling risk factor for the development of DVT. This condition has been observed to occur in 50-70% of patients submitted to acute fixation of proximal femoral fracture, multiple fracture patients, and those presenting with spinal cord trauma when no prophylactic measure is performed. The most commonly used anticoagulants are low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and warfarin (Guyton and Hall, 2006). One study has reported no difference in quantitative amount of direct or radiographically measured callus formed during NSAIDs use. (Herbenick et al., 2008). In another study, Muller et al., 2004 reported that diclofenac sodium when given orally affected the mechanical properties of bone, reduced body weight gain and reduced the coefficient of non-fractured bone. A significant delay in fracture healing following administration of enoxaparin was reported by Street et al. (2000). Their study found fewer proliferating cells and fewer transforming pericytes in the medullary cavity at day 7 and 14 and weaker mechanical properties at day 21 compared to the control animals. Hak et al., (2006), however reported no deleterious effect of LMWH on fracture healing mechanical properties. Regardless of the frequent use of anticoagulants as prophylaxis for DVT and NSAIDs as analgesic in the management of trauma cases, few studies have shown their combined effect during fracture healing. The present study was thus designed to evaluate the effect of combine use of these drugs on the histology and histomorphometry of bone tissues in experimental rat model of bone fractures. Materials and Method Animal management: Thirty six male Wistar rats weighing between 150g to 200g were used. Animals were housed in clean plastic cages and provided with food and water ad libitum throughout the experimental period. All animals were handled in accordance with the guidelines for animal research as detailed in the NIH Guidelines for the care and use of laboratory Animals (NIH Publication, 2011) and experimental protocol were approved by local institutional research and ethics committee. Fracture Procedures: Animals were randomly divided into 3 groups (A, B and C) of 12 animals. All animas were submitted to diaphyseal fracture of right tibia after being anesthetized with chloroform via inhalation under aseptic conditions. Animals were then allowed to move freely without any immobilization (Muller et al 2004). Drug administration: Following fracture, animals in group B were administered with diclofenac and heparin, while group C were administered with diclofenac and warfarin. Group A animals served as control. Diclofenac was administered intramuscularly on alternate thigh muscle at 5mg/kg/day. Heparin was administered subcutaneously at 0.5mg/kg/day and warfarin was administered orally at 0.005mg/kg/day. Drug administration commenced12 hours following fracture was continued for daily for a period of 21 days. Four animals were selected from each group for radiographic, histologic and histomorphometric analysis at day 7, 14 and 21 days interval following treatment. Radiologic evaluation: Standardized radiographs (Faxitron, Wheeling, IL USA) were performed at the time of sacrifice, using constant settings with the animal anesthetized and positioned prone with both hind limbs fully abducted. Fracture union was evaluated by two, blinded, independent observers. Fracture union was defined as the presence of bridging callus along opposite cortices. (Hak et al., 2006) Histological and Histomorphometric analysis: Following radiographic evaluation, animals were sacrificed, and right tibia dissected out. Tibia bones were immediately fixed in 10% formal saline for at least 24 hours. Fixed tibia tissues were then subjected to decalcification using 10% EDTA (pH 7.4) for 7 days. Following decalcification, tibia tissues were processed for routine paraffin wax embedding. Sections of 5 um thick were cut and stained using routine Haematoxylin and Eosin (HE) procedure for general tissue histology and Van Geison staining procedure for collagen fibres. Stained sections were observed under Leica DM750 digital research microscope. Photomicrographs were taken via attached ICC50 digital camera from 3 non-overlapping areas of stained sections. These were then imported onto Image J software (NIH sponsored public domain image analysis software) for histomorphometric analysis which included osteocytes cell count and cortical width measurement. Statistical analysis: Data obtained from histomorphometric count and measurement were analysed using One-way ANOVA followed by Students-Newman-Keuls (SNK) tests for multiple comparison. GraphPadPrsim 5 (GraphPad Inc., USA) software was package use for statistical analysis. Significant difference was set at p Results Radiographic analysis: X-Ray photos of rat tibia after 7days of treatment showed fracture lines that were clearly visible with no sign of callus formation. After 14 days however minimal deposition of callus formation in all groups was observed. Bridging callus was more in control and group B rats as compared with group C and group D. After 21 days of Treatment more deposits of callus with fracture line no longer visible was observed in control and group B as compared with group C and D (Figure 1). Histological analysis: HE staining showed intact osteocytes within lacunae, empty lacunae, and resorption cavities in all groups (Figure 2).Van Gieson staining technique differentiates between mature and immature collagen fibres (callus). Mature collagen fibres stains deep red while immature fibres stains pale orange. The colour intensity of the deep red was observed in the control group through the 21 days of treatment. However groups B and C had more immature collagen fibres all through the 21 days of treatment when compared to the control (Figure 3). Histomorphometric measurements: Data analysis shows that administration of diclofenac plus heparin and diclofenac plus warfarin in groups B and C respectively, significantly increased (p Discussion In the current study, we found that administration of heparin and diclofenac as well as warfarin and diclofenac resulted in increased number of osteocytes count at week 1, 2 and 3when compared with the control. Though at day 14 the osteocyte count of diclofenac heparin animals was significantly higher than diclofenac warfarin group. Increased osteocytes number is associated with increase in activity of osteoclast, subsequently increasing bone resorption (Lynda 2011). The use of anticoagulant is associated with surgical site heamatoma formation. The early use of LMWH in patients with fractures may lead to larger fracture site hematoma. It is generally accepted that fracture site hematoma could be beneficial in fracture healing. Studies by Grundnes and Reikera in 1993 have shown that evacuation of this hematoma could be deleterious on fracture healing. However Street et al 2000 showed that though hematoma could be beneficial, high concentration of potassium in fracture site hematoma is cytotoxic to endothelial cells and osteoblasts. Therefore increased fracture site heamatoma volume may have deleterious effect on fracture healing. Hak et al 2006 reported the presence of heamatoma formation in short term administered LMWH in animals. In this study, we observed no hematoma formation at fracture site in diclofenac heparin administered animals. However, the presence of hematoma was observed in animals receiving diclofenac and warfarin which persisted f or the period of 3 weeks. Studies by Avioli et al 1975 and Matzsch et al 1990 identified long term use of heparin to be a risk factor for the development of osteoporosis in humans. Their finding was supported by Chowdhury et al., 1992, they concluded that low doses of standard heparin directly stimulates bone resorption by increasing the number of differentiated osteoclasts and by enhancing the activity of individual osteoclast. One study by Nishiyama et al., (1997) comparing the effects of heparin and LMWH (dalteparin) after 8 days of injection, observed that rats treated with standard heparin showed a significant reduction in osteoid surface and mineral apposition rates and seven of eight rats suffered spontaneous femoral fracture. When compared with the rats treated with LMWH, they observed minimal decrease in bone indices and no fractures. These finding is supported by this study were we observe decrease cortical thickness in animals treated with diclofenac and anticoagulants when compared with the contro l. However this decrease was more marked in diclofenac warfarin group than in diclofenac heparin group. Decrease in cortical width has been said to lead to cortical porosity resulting in increased fragility of bone. (Bouvaed et al., 2012; Evangelos and Meletios 2014). In this study radiographic evidence showed reduced callus formation in anticoagulants and diclofenac treated animals at the end of the 3rd week. However no reduction in callus formation was obsereved in control group. This is consistent with studies done by Hak et al., 2006. Conclusion In conclusion the combined use of diclofenac and anticoagulants could affect the quality of fracture healing, hence the study recommends that concomitant use of diclofenac and anticoagulants should be applied with caution.

The Scientific Revolution: A New View of the World :: Expository Essays Research Papers

The Scientific Revolution: A New View of the World Herbert Butterfield stated that, "Since the Scientific Revolution overturned the authority in science not only of the middle ages but of the ancient world...it outshines everything since the rise of Christianity." During the scientific revolution Nicholas Copernicus, Galileo Galilei and Isaac Newton all voiced their opinions that contradicted the views of the church. Before the Scientific Revolution, the Bible or Greek philosophers such as Aristotle or astronomers like Claudius Ptolemy, whose ideas were sanctioned by the church, answered any questions regarding the natural world. In the bible it writes, "Mankind is the most important of God's creations and occupies the centre of his universe." Astronomers therefore stated that, "The earth is at the centre of the universe. The sun, the moon and the stars all move around the earth." Nicholas Copernicus, (1473-1543) a Polish monk and astronomer trained in medicine, law and mathematics, believed that the sun, not the earth, was at the centre of the universe. He believed this to be true because mathematics fit in nowhere with the explanation of how our world came to be. He formulated mathematical calculations that provided the basis for a new view on the world. He constructed a model of the universe to show this. His theory contrasted with the beliefs and views of the church therefore it was denounced in 1543. Galileo Galilei, (1564-1642) an Italian mathematician and astronomer, won the respect and admiration of many people of his time because of his inventions. He constructed a military compass, an instrument for measuring the expansion of liquids, and one of the early telescopes with which he discovered Jupiter's satellites, irregularities on the surface of the moon, star clusters in the milky way and spots on the surface of the sun. He was initially skeptical of Copernicus' theory however his observations and experiments affirmed his diagram of the universe. Critics attacked Galilei's findings. They said that his "discoveries" were ridiculous to believe and that it was only is imagination or dreams. Galilei wrote a letter to Dowager Grand Duchess trying to reconcile his astronomical observations with the Bible. Isaac Newton, (1642-1727) was an English scientist and statesman. Although his views were thought to contradict the bible he was the only man of these three which proved his views to be true. He discovered gravity and the laws of motion. He stated that, 'every particle in the universe is attracted to every other particle by a force that is directly related to the product of their masses and inversely related to the squares of the distance between them.

Johnson and Johnson

TERM PAPER For STRATEGIC OPERATION MANAGEMENT Submitted by: ANALIZA T. CEDILLO BSBA 4-1 (OM) Submitted To: Prof Avila JOHNSON & JOHNSON COMPANY INTRODUCTION * The Company supports the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals to improve the health of mothers and children in developing countries. As a founding sponsor, Johnson & Johnson helps launch the United States’ first free mobile health service, providing health information via text messages for Pregnant women and new mothers. * They are the world’s sixth-largest consumer health company There are the world’s largest and most diverse medical devices and Diagnostics Company. * They are the world’s fifth-largest biologics company. * And the world’s eighth-largest pharmaceuticals company * Johnson & Johnson was a biggest company that caring the world and enduring strength they consistent approaching and to managing  they Business. * They have more than 250 operating companies in 60 coun tries employing approximately 129,000 people. Our worldwide. * Johnson  &  Johnson Family of Companies work with partners in health care to touch the lives of over a billion people every day, throughout the world.HISTORY: Johnson & Johnson,126 years more than a century caring. Its start on 1886 with the three brothers, Robert Wood Johnson, James Wood Johnson and Edward Mead Johnson, found Johnson  &  Johnson in New Brunswick, New Jersey, U. S. 1901, is a Part of its commitment to first aid, Johnson  &  Johnson publishes the first Aid Manuals, using proven best practices from leading physicians. 1910, James Wood Johnson takes over the leadership of Johnson  &  Johnson until 1932. The first overseas operating company opens in the United Kingdom was on 1924. And they expand to Mexico and South Africa.On 1932, Robert Wood Johnson II. He begins leadership of Johnson  &  Johnson. Known as General Johnson, he transforms the Company into a global decentralized Family of Companies. 1963-1973, Under Chairman and CEO Philip B. Hofmann's leadership, operating companies launch new treatments for schizophrenia, family planning and personal care. Also, 1963 marks the last year that JOHNSON'S ® Baby Powder is sold in tins. They announce plans to build our new World Headquarters in New Brunswick, New Jersey, and form a public-private partnership to revitalize the city. 2002, William C.Weldon becomes Chairman and CEO of Johnson  &  Johnson, only the eighth person to lead the Company since its founding. Under his leadership, the Company enters new therapeutic areas such as HIV/AIDS, and health and wellness. 2011, They celebrates 125 years of caring and looks to the next 125 years of transforming care for patients, consumers and communities around the world. In the year of 2012, Alex Gorsky is appointed Chief Executive Officer of Johnson  &  Johnson. As only the seventh CEO in our history, he continues a legacy of leadership. Company OverviewJohnson & Johnson's commitment to innovative health care products has resulted in consistent financial performance. The Company has 29 consecutive years of adjusted earnings increases and 50 consecutive years of dividend increases. Johnson ; Johnson, through its family of companies, employs approximately 129,000 people worldwide and is engaged in the manufacture and sale of a broad range of products in the health care field in many countries of the world. Johnson ; Johnson's primary interest, both historically and currently, has been in products related to health and well-being.Johnson & Johnson was organized in the State of New Jersey in 1886. Johnson & Johnson is organized on the principles of decentralized management. The Executive Committee of Johnson & Johnson is the principal management group responsible for the strategic operations and allocation of resources of the Johnson & Johnson family of companies. Johnson & Johnson's operating companies are organized into three business segmen ts: Consumer, Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices and Diagnostics.A Group Operating Committee, composed of managers who represent key operations within the segment, as well as management in specialized functional departments, oversees and coordinates the activities of domestic and international companies related to each of the business segments. However, in line with the principle of decentralized management, senior management groups at U. S. and international operating companies are each responsible for their own strategic plans, as well as the day-to-day operations of those companies, and each international company is, with some exceptions, managed by citizens of the country where it is located.HR/MANAGEMENT Johnson ; Johnson Strategic Framework They believe that in serving. those who sell their product, they serve himself. Foundation The Strategic Framework starts with Credo, the guide to help navigate way through challenges and opportunities. From Credo, there Aspiration emerges – by caring, one person at a time; they are help billions of people around the world live longer, healthier and happier lives. Strategic Planning/Principles From the foundation they build a unique kind of a set.They based on a health care, First they focus on managing for the long term. Second they operate under a decentralized management approach. And then do all this through a unique culture that values and fosters the development of people. Executive management of Johnson ; Johnson, with the support and approval of the Board of Directors, has set the fundamental strategic direction of the Company to remain a broadly-based human health care company for the consumer, pharmaceutical and medical device and diagnostics markets.Strategic planning is guided by the ethical principles embodied in Our Credo, unifying our people worldwide behind a set of common values and providing a constant reminder of the Company's responsibilities to all of its constituents. With over 250 operati ng companies located in 60 countries throughout the world, Johnson & Johnson is organized on the principle of decentralized management. Each international company is, with some exceptions, managed by citizens of the country where it is located. Senior management groups at U. S. nd international operating companies are each responsible for their own strategic plans. On an on-going basis throughout the year, at meetings of the Board and Committees of the Board, management of the Company and Board members discuss the strategic direction and major developments of the Company's various businesses. The process is an interactive/on-going dialogue which provides the Directors with insight into the activities and direction of the Company's businesses. Accounting/Finance Department Corporate Governance The values embodied in the Credo guide the actions of the people of theJohnson & Johnson Family of Companies at all levels and in all parts of the world. They have done so for more than 60 year s. These Credo values extend to our accounting and financial reporting responsibilities. Management is responsible for timely, accurate, reliable and objective financial statements and related information. Such as: * Maintain a well-designed system of internal accounting controls. * Encourage strong and effective corporate governance from our Board of Directors. * Continuously review our business results and strategic choices. Focus on financial stewardship. Accounting Controls The professionally trained internal auditors travel worldwide to monitor system of internal accounting controls. This system is designed to provide reasonable assurance that assets are safeguarded and that transactions and events are recorded properly. The internal controls include self-assessments and internal and external audit reviews of operating companies, which concludes â€Å"Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting,† printed in Annual Report.Johnson  &  Johnson is gu ided by the values set forth in Credo, created by General Robert Wood Johnson in 1943. Credo and the principles have been woven into the fabric of the Company. The values articulated of Credo extend to accounting and financial responsibilities to Johnson  &  Johnson shareholders and investors. The Johnson & Johnson SWOT: Strengths * Worldwide sales have grown 14% indicating a strong position for the global group. * The business model adapted by Johnson and Johnson fundamentally uses the adaptation of entrepreneurial values in order to retain an edge within the market place. Working with intensive scientific notions Johnson and Johnson utilize a varied expanse of problem solving techniques in order to challenge the standard practice and capitalize on growth through emerging markets which enables associated growth. * The use of independent offices working as standalone units provides the opportunity to develop concepts with cultural considerations which can prove important when ta king a product to global markets. Weaknesses There is increasing pressure within pharmaceutical markets to reduce prices in line with medical budgets and maintain patent expirations to ensure generic programmers are updated within critical path movements. * Challenges have been faced within Johnson and Johnson where a reduction in the market demand for key products has been identified; some of these products were branded and have been replaced by generic programmers at the end of patent time lines. * Internal weakness across the industry and not isolated to Johnson and Johnson would be the level of theft and counterfeiting of drugs managed through internal personnel.Opportunity * Whilst the recent acquisition of Pfizer Consumer Healthcare will act as an opportunity in its own right to promote growth for the organization through alternative routes there is the added value capitalized through the return on investment which will be realized 12 months before plan releasing funds back in to the bottom line. * Johnson and Johnson have highlighted new developments in pharmacy products with five undergoing regulatory review which provides the opportunity to grow the existing product portfolio. Development into new functions of medical devices and diagnostics will provide new markets to entry which will result in business growth. * With the development of WTO rules to prevent the availability of cheap generic drugs there is the opportunity to reduce the level of lost profit due to generic introduction as patents run out. Whilst this will aid Johnson and Johnson where they own the brand where they are looking to capitalize on introducing generic drugs to market this ruling will become a hindrance. Threats Generally within the main pharmaceutical companies there is a high level of competition for the generics markets where patents finish and it is the first to entry where success will generally be determined. * Technological developments with bio-tech concepts will potent ially move the traditional pharmaceutical methods out of the market place in the long term although there is an economical argument that this form of development can be segregated to run alongside traditional methods and complement as opposed to replace.

Play and sportsmanship Essay

In my opinion a sport in which levels of fair play and sportsmanship have totally been abandoned is American Football. With the amount of spectators the game gets, the coaches and chairpersons of the clubs like to put out their best players every game. Regardless of their physical health. There are countless times that players have been seen to go off with horrific groin strains and shoulder injuries, but the medical staff and coaches put them right back onto the pitch doped up with huge amounts of pain killers and drugs that will affect their performance. If a player of a sport that has the nature of American football, (being very physical and tough) goes on the pitch to play hyped up on pain killers then are clearly going to perform differently to that of a player who plays with spirit and strength. The other thing about this sport is the way in which each team is always reading the lips of the other teams coach to see what their next move is about to be. Surely if the oppositions know each others moves all the time then the fairness of the sport is lost. Today’s top athletes all use dietitions, health advisors and personal trainers to become the best at their particular sport. They all use performance enhancing techniques to improve their sporting ability and performance in competition. But is this against the Sportsmanship/Gamesmanship theory? With the production of illegal performance enhancing dugs being more and more common in the sporting environment of today , the governing bodies for the particular sports are having more and more trouble detecting whether athletes have used illegal stimulants to help them to train. To conclude. In today’s sporting world. Nations will use sport as a platform for political power. This can sometimes lead to sportsmanship being thrown aside and made way for other styles of gaming like gamesmanship. In my own opinion sportsmanship is still strong in many of today’s sports and athlete’s, but if the values of sportsmanship are not upheld, by the governing bodies of the sport, such as the FA then the sport is likely to become worse to be a spectator of and less fair to play in. If the bodies who govern the game do not maintain strong levels of justice and fair play within their own rulings then players will become less sportsmanship and the levels of the sports fair play will drop.